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(2) Read each question very carefully before you answer. You have up to 60 minutes to complete each question. It is intended that you should have plenty of time to reflect on the questions before starting to write. You are strongly encouraged to construct a bullet point outline for each answer before starting to write the full text so as to help you write a cohesive, well-structured response. Questions 2 and 3 should be answered in short essay form, probably ~450 words or so (typically 3 pages of double spaced text). The purpose of these essays is to test your ability to develop interesting and creative pieces of writing on broad synthesis topics in terrestrial ecosystem ecology. (3) If you have a personal concern that you think may affect your performance on this exam, you must discuss it with the course coordinator in advance, before you turn the page. It will make no difference after the fact. (4) Write your student number on the answer booklet. You are advised to answer all questions using an ink pen. You may write with a pencil but if you do, you cannot request that your exam be re-marked. (5) You are permitted to have only pens and / or pencils while writing the exam. Pencil cases and other materials are forbidden. (6) Any student that is suspected of compromising academic integrity will have his/her exam confiscated and will receive a grade of zero. Additional penalties may also apply. PLEASE NOTE: “Proctors are unable to respond to queries about the interpretation of exam questions. Do your best to answer exam questions as written.” **NOTE** IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR GRADE ON THIS EXAM, YOU MUST BRING IT TO THE ATTENTION OF THE INSTRUCTORS WITHIN TWO WEEKS AFTER THEY HAVE BEEN MARKED AND MADE AVAILABLE FOR PICK-UP; EXAMS WILL NOT BE RE-MARKED AFTER THIS DATE. __________________________________________________________________ 1)  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1The State Factor framework (Jenny, 1941) can be used to explain the distribution of major ecosystem-types in the region around Kingston. Describe using examples how each ‘independent’ state factor (including human activities as a 6th factor) exerts its influence. A mechanistic understanding of the effects of state factors on ecosystem processes may be advanced by identifying the interactive controls (Chapin et al., 2002). Interactive controls both influence and are influenced by ecosystem characteristics, and can also influence each other. Consider these statements carefully, and then develop a state factor diagram that includes the interactive controls that you would think are most important in determining temporal and spatial patterns of net primary production in temperate deciduous forests in the region around Kingston. Explain your reasoning. 2) Fungi have very different effects than bacteria on nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Discuss. 3) Feedbacks stabilise terrestrial ecosystem processes over time. Discuss. 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