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Where appropriate, you are encouraged to cite the first author’s name of any publications that you refer to in your text, but there is no need to include a bibliography at the end of your essay. (2) It is intended that you should have plenty of time to reflect on the questions before starting to write. You are strongly encouraged to construct a bullet point outline for your answer before starting to write the full text so as to help you write a cohesive, well-structured response. The purpose of the essay exercise in particular is to test your ability to develop an interesting and creative piece of writing on a broad synthesis topic in terrestrial ecosystem ecology. (3) If you have a personal concern that you think may affect your performance on this exam, you must discuss it with the course coordinator in advance, before you turn the page. It will make no difference after the fact. (4) Write your student number on the answer booklet. You are advised to answer all questions using an ink pen. You may write with a pencil but if you do, you cannot request that your exam be re-marked. (5) You are permitted to have only pens and / or pencils while writing the exam. Pencil cases and other materials are forbidden. (6) Any student that is suspected of compromising academic integrity will have his/her exam confiscated and will receive a grade of zero. Additional penalties may also apply. PLEASE NOTE: “Proctors are unable to respond to queries about the interpretation of exam questions. Do your best to answer exam questions as written.” **NOTE** IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT YOUR GRADE ON THIS EXAM, YOU MUST BRING IT TO THE ATTENTION OF THE INSTRUCTORS WITHIN TWO WEEKS AFTER THEY HAVE BEEN MARKED AND MADE AVAILABLE FOR PICK-UP; EXAMS WILL NOT BE RE-MARKED AFTER THIS DATE. __________________________________________________________________ 1. Essay (80 marks). Develop and evaluate a challenging and original argument on the following topic in terrestrial ecosystem ecology: Bottom-up and top-down controls Write your essay as three logically linked sections: a) Introduction to the argument. Outline necessary background science information on the terrestrial ecosystem ecology topic, the particular relevance of the argument, and why it is novel and interesting. This section should lead up to, and conclude with a precise articulation of the argument that the essay addresses as follows: “In this essay, I will argue that........” b) Evaluation of the evidence. Describe and evaluate a body of scientific research evidence to support or refute the argument. c) Conclusions. Indicate whether the argument has been supported or refuted, any major assumptions that have been included, and discuss implications/future research directions that arise from your conclusion. Consider opposing arguments and come to some overall conclusion. 2. A friend of mine recently brought me a bottle of good red wine with the following text on the back label: ‘This superb multi-dimensional wine is the result of our efforts to create the ultimate expression of Cabernet Sauvignon. To do this, we focused on the two vital influences of soil and climate. Soil: Mixture of 20% clay and 80% sand, which provides vines with outstanding drainage balanced with optimum moisture retention. Climate: The proximity of our vineyard to the river enables the winds sweeping in from the Andes to moderate day temperatures, and the high altitude helps to effectively cool the area at night.’ “What’s all that about, eh?” he said, as he took a slurp. Write a brief answer to his question, explaining the science underlying each and all of the claims relating to soil and climate in this text (20 marks).     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